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There are many studies that have contributed to our knowledge of what children need to thrive during their growing and learning years. There are fewer that help us to implement that knowledge in our everyday lives. This recent publication does just that.
A new paper led by Penn State graduate Brenna Hassinger-Das, now an assistant professor of psychology at Pace University-NYC, and Jennifer Zosh, professor of human development and family studies at Penn State Brandywine, explores the science-backed core pillars of learning and examples of play spaces that incorporate them.
“We know kids in Western countries spend only 20% of their time at school, so where are they for the other 80%?” Hassinger-Das said. “They’re at home, or in the grocery store, or the park. How can we transform those everyday spaces to encourage playful learning and promote conversations between caregivers and children? We wanted to maximize these spaces and turn them into places that are fun but also support the kind of learning you do in school.”
According to previous studies, there are six core characteristics or “pillars” of learning that can maximize any experience a child has, whether it’s playing in the park, going to the shopping mall, or using a smartphone app. It seems that to support learning, experiences should be active rather than passive, engaging, meaningful, socially interactive, iterative rather than repetitive (meaning that repeated engagements should accumulate towards an end goal), and joyful.
In this study Zosh explains that they “wanted to see how we could take those pillars and apply them to communities in playful ways that support children’s learning.”
The paper—recently published in the journal Trends in Cognitive Sciences—looked at several examples of innovative spaces that incorporated the pillars into their designs.
One example was Urban Thinkscape, an installation that turned a bus stop into a playful learning space that fosters play and conversations. One of the features incorporated was an element called Stories, which includes several icons placed on the ground with different pictures that can be used to tell stories. According to the researchers, as children go from icon to icon and create a story, they build narrative skills, which are a key part of literacy.
Even though the paper focused on public spaces that incorporated these elements, the researchers said anyone can use the pillars to enhance children’s play spaces and experiences, including parents at home and teachers at school.
Pillar one: Active
Stay “active” as you play and interact with the child, for example, by elements of the learning curriculum into your speech and interactions.
Zosh said this could mean counting the apples out loud as you put them in your basket at the grocery store or asking your child lots of questions—such as “What would happen if we mixed these blue and yellow paints together?” or “What might happen if we stack the red square block on top of the yellow triangle block?”—can be helpful, as well.
Pillar two: Engaged
“Try to limit distractions as much as possible, including background television and your own smartphone use,” Hassinger-Das said. “These types of distractions are sometimes unavoidable, but they do have the potential to take away from these high-quality times with your child. Focusing and staying engaged during play can help you make the most of these interactions.”
Pillar three: Meaningful
Try building on topics the child is already interested in during play. If they like dinosaurs, you could suggest a make-believe scenario where you dig for dinosaur fossils at the playground. Or, you can integrate information about dinosaurs like counting how many bones they have and what they ate.
If you are reading a book set in a different country, get out a globe or a map app and explore where the country and the similarities and differences of living there. “Helping children build connections helps them weave together a rich world of understanding,” writes Zosh.
Pillar four: Socially interactive
The researchers advised letting children lead in play time while you offer support along the way. For example, let your child decide what to build with blocks while asking questions like, “What would happen if you placed that block in a different direction?” or “How many more blocks do you think it would take to build a tower as tall as you?”
Pillar five: Iterative
Children are naturally scientific thinkers—they like to experiment, see what happens, and try again and again until something works. The researchers advised giving children opportunities to guess what will happen, conduct “experiments,” make up new words to favourite songs, and make mistakes. Every mistake leads to learning.
Pillar six: Joyful
Finally, making playtime joyful can be done in many ways, including incorporating elements of surprise.
“Playing with shadows and asking which one is bigger or how you can make your shadow grow or shrink is one way to foster surprise and joy,” Hassinger-Das said. “Similarly, think about what helps your child connect with whatever brings them joy, from construction with a cardboard box to playing vet with their stuffed animals.”